home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- # Copyright (c) 1994,1995 Jason L. Haar
- # Copyright (c) 1994,1995 Lazerjem Ltd.
- # All rights reserved.
- #
- # THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- # ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- # IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- # ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- # FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- # DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- # OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- # HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- # LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- # OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- # SUCH DAMAGE.
- #
- # @(#)Internet-Mail 1.0 (Lazerjem) 2/Apr/954
- # 9/Nov/95
-
-
- Internet Mail
- -------------
-
- One of the the most popular of all computer applications is Electronic
- Mail (Email). These days it forms an integral part of many peoples'
- working lives and is as important to them and their work as the
- telephone.
-
- The biggest infrastructure for Email is provided by the Internet,
- which as well as permitting Email communication between Internet
- sites, allows gatewaying to other networks. All sites that are
- directly on the Internet communicate with each other via a common
- language called the "Simple Mail Transport Protocol" (SMTP). This
- itself runs on top of the "Internet Protocol" (IP). SMTP is another
- TCP/IP service like the more familiar FTP and Telnet.
-
- When you create an Email message, you use a Mail User Agent (MUA).
- These are the programs you - the User - use to create and read Email
- messages. Examples of popular MUAs are Elm, Pine and the X-windows
- mailer, Messages. Under Un*x, there are a _huge_ variety of MUAs.
- It sometimes looks like anyone who knows how to program in C has
- written a MUA at some stage. I recommend that you adopt a popular MUA
- simply because if something goes wrong, there is always extensive help
- available from the Internet.
-
- The message you create with your MUA comprises two distinct parts, the
- body of the message and the address. The address is normally in a
- form that says something meaningful about the location of the user,
- e.g. j.haar@lazerjem.demon.co.uk. The message is passed to the
- system's Mail Transfer Agent (MTA). This program is responsible for
- the transport of the Email message to its destination. Examples of
- popular MTAs on the Linux platform are smail and sendmail. Your MTA
- decides where the message is to go and sends it there, possibly
- connecting to another MTA on a remote host in the process. The
- message is appended to a file which can then be accessed by the
- recipient's MUA. Under Linux, the message would be appended to the
- file /usr/spool/mail/<usercode>. For example, my usercode is jason, so
- mail for me appears in the file /usr/spool/mail/jason.
-
- So, how *does* the MTA know what to do with your message? Given that a
- computer identifies an Internet site by a *number* - its IP address
- e.g. 158.152.26.235 - how does a MTA in New Zealand know what it
- means when when you send an Email message to
- "j.haar@lazerjem.demon.co.uk"? SMTP would be very limited if it
- wasn't for the existence of something that allows systems to work out
- what IP address corresponds to what name. This role can be provided by
- a host table (see /etc/hosts) but this is normally restricted to LAN
- hosts only. For a network as large as the Internet, a host table is
- impractical and a distributed database is available instead. This is
- the Domain Name Service (DNS).
-
- The DNS is a clever beast. Besides containing records mapping
- hostnames to IP addresses, it contains other information too including
- the MX records. These are used by MTAs in the decision process of
- what to do with an Email address. MX records allows a site to tell the
- rest of the Internet how Email to that site should be handled. The
- site may decide that all incoming Email should be sent to a central
- mailhost instead of to the individual hosts (or not). The site may
- also decide to create secondary MX records which tell MTAs where to
- send messages if the primary mail site is down (it is good practice
- for sites to have at least two MX records). Although the DNS is a
- distributed database, each site is in charge of its own information.
- If a new host is added to the DNS at one site, within about a day
- every site on the Internet will automatically know about it.
-
- To demonstrate all this, let's use a real-life example. Suppose I
- want to send an Email message to Kaylene Murdoch at Oxford University.
-
- 1) I create the Email message to k.murdoch1@ph.ox.ac.uk using my
- favourite MUA, Messages.
-
- 2) The MUA passes off the message to my Linux system's MTA,
- sendmail-8.7.3.
-
- 3) The MTA asks the DNS for information about ph.ox.ac.uk, and
- is told that any Email messages to that address should actually be
- send to mail.physics.ox.ac.uk. The DNS is then asked what the
- IP address is for the string "mail.physics.ox.ac.uk" and returns
- the value 111.222.111.222.
-
- 4) My Linux system then starts an SMTP connection to 111.222.111.222,
- transmits the message, and then closes down the connection.
-
- 5) mail.physics.ox.ac.uk then goes through a similar series of actions
- to make the final delivery to to the machine oxds02.astro.ox.ac.uk,
- whereupon Kaylene reads my message with her favorite MUA, Pine.
-
- Anyone with access to the Internet should be using the DNS. If you
- access the Internet via dial-up rather than Ethernet, IP connectivity
- is possible via SLIP/PPP. With PPP/SLIP access you have two options.
-
- 1) Configure your MTA to use the DNS, so that every message you send
- goes to its destination via MX record lookups
-
- 2) Configure your MTA to simply forward all non-local mail you send to
- an Ethernet-connected Internet MTA. In this case that MTA will do
- all the MX lookups and the final delivery. This will result in
- shorter phone-calls, as
- all the waiting for connections to hosts on the other side of the
- world will be done by the fully Internet-connected mail server. You
- had better check first with your Internet provider to see if they
- mind.
-
- Needless to say, no matter which option you choose, you should still
- configure your Linux box to use the DNS. Don't forget, you still want the
- DNS for non-Email events like telnet and ftp.
-
- Configuring Linux to use the DNS is very easy. It involves editing two files:
-
- 1) edit /etc/resolv.conf
-
- #-------- BEGIN FILE ---------
- #/etc/resolv.conf
-
- #Define what domain your host is a member of. As an example, my Linux box
- #hangs off the "demon.co.uk" network (my fully-qualified domain name is
- # "lazerjem.demon.co.uk"). PLEASE EDIT THIS!!!!
-
- domain demon.co.uk
-
- #Now tell your system where it can send DNS queries to. You can have up to
- # three (?) Domain Name Servers as a list here. If the first one isn't
- # available, the second one will be asked, etc.
- # Chose name servers that are close by to ensure speedy response
-
- nameserver 158.152.1.65
-
- #-------- END FILE ----------
-
-
- 2) edit /etc/host.conf
-
- #------- BEGIN FILE ---------
-
- # The "order" keyword tells Linux the order in which it should search in
- # host name lookups. The general case is to search /etc/hosts first, and
- # if the host isn't in there, as DNS (called bind for this file)
-
- order hosts bind
-
- #-------- END FILE ----------
-
-
- That's it! Now any IP application should be able to use the DNS.
-
- Now that this introduction to Internet Mail is over, let's move onto the
- messy stuff - actually configuring the sendmail-V8 MTA.
-
-
-
-
- APPENDIX: FURTHER REFERENCES
- ----------------------------
-
- The primary references for TCP/IP services such as SMTP are the
- "Requests For Comments" (RFCs). These documents are available via
- anonymous FTP from a variety of sites (use Archie), and cover ALL
- Internet protocols. There are RFCs on Telnet, FTP, Usenet News, as
- well as SMTP.
-
-
- RFC 822 D. Crocker, "Standard for the format of ARPA Internet text
- messages" 08/13/1982
-
- RFC 1425 J. Klensin, N. Freed, M. Rose, E. Stefferud, D. Crocker, "SMTP
- Service Extensions", 02/10/1993. (Pages=10) (Format=.txt)
-
- RFC 1522 K. Moore, "MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part
- Two: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text", 09/23/1993.
-
- RFC 1521 N. Borenstein, N. Freed, "MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail
- Extensions) Part One: Mechanisms for Specifying and
- Describing the Format of Internet Message Bodies", 09/23/1993.
-
-
-
- RFC 819 Z. Su, J. Postel, "Domain naming convention for Internet
- user applications", 08/01/1982
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-